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United States. Links to related articles. Abadon Anna Jay Athena Dr. Britt Baker, D. Aubrey Edwards. Ace Steel Arn Anderson B. Shahid Khan Tony Khan. When the nucleus of uranium absorbs a neutron, it undergoes nuclear fission, releasing energy and, on average, 2.

Because uranium releases more neutrons than it absorbs, it can support a chain reaction and so is described as fissile. Uranium, on the other hand, is not fissile as it does not normally undergo fission when it absorbs a neutron. By the start of the war in September , many scientists likely to be persecuted by the Nazis had already escaped. Physicists on both sides were well aware of the possibility of utilizing nuclear fission as a weapon, but no one was quite sure how it could be engineered.

In August , concerned that Germany might have its own project to develop fission-based weapons, Albert Einstein signed a letter to U. President Franklin D. Roosevelt warning him of the threat. It was not until the U. Organized research first began in Britain and Canada as part of the Tube Alloys project: the world’s first nuclear weapons project. The Maud Committee was set up following the work of Frisch and Rudolf Peierls who calculated uranium’s critical mass and found it to be much smaller than previously thought which meant that a deliverable bomb should be possible.

The blast from such an explosion would destroy life in a wide area. The size of this area is difficult to estimate, but it will probably cover the centre of a big city. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions. For other uses, see Atom bomb disambiguation and A-bomb disambiguation.

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See also: Nuclear weapons delivery , Nuclear triad , Strategic bomber , Intercontinental ballistic missile , and Submarine-launched ballistic missile. Main articles: Nuclear strategy and Deterrence theory. See also: Anti-nuclear movement. Did not vote. Main article: Nuclear disarmament. For statistics on possession and deployment, see List of states with nuclear weapons. See also: Nuclear weapons debate and History of the anti-nuclear movement.

Main article: Nuclear ethics. Main articles: Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents and List of military nuclear accidents. See also: List of nuclear close calls. Main article: Nuclear fallout. See also: Downwinders. Main article: Effects of nuclear explosions.

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Archived from the original on October 1, For months afterward, many people continued to die from the effects of burns, radiation sickness , and injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition. Though Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison, most of the dead were civilians. Japan surrendered to the Allies on 15 August, six days after the Soviet Union’s declaration of war and the bombing of Nagasaki.

The Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender on 2 September, effectively ending the war. Scholars have extensively studied the effects of the bombings on the social and political character of subsequent world history and popular culture , and there is still much debate concerning the ethical and legal justification for the bombings.

Supporters believe that the atomic bombings were necessary to bring a swift end to the war with minimal casualties; critics dispute how the Japanese government was brought to surrender, and highlight the moral and ethical implications of nuclear weapons and the deaths caused to civilians. Most Japanese military units fought fiercely, ensuring that the Allied victory would come at an enormous cost.

The 1. Nearly one million of the casualties occurred during the last year of the war, from June to June In December , American battle casualties hit an all-time monthly high of 88, as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive.

America’s reserves of manpower were running out. Deferments for groups such as agricultural workers were tightened, and there was consideration of drafting women.

At the same time, the public was becoming war-weary, and demanding that long-serving servicemen be sent home. In the Pacific, the Allies returned to the Philippines , [3] recaptured Burma , [4] and invaded Borneo. Along the way, the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from five to one in the Philippines to two to one on Okinawa.

Nearly 99 percent of the 21, defenders of Iwo Jima were killed. Of the , Okinawan and Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April to June , 94 percent were killed; [7] 7, Japanese soldiers surrendered, an unprecedentedly large number.

As the Allies advanced towards Japan, conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people. Japan’s merchant fleet declined from 5,, gross tons in to 1,, tons in March , and , tons in August Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of The civilian economy, which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war, reached disastrous levels by the middle of The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet, and the catch was only 22 percent of that in The rice harvest was the worst since , and hunger and malnutrition became widespread.

By , the U. In February , Prince Fumimaro Konoe advised Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable, and urged him to abdicate. Even before the surrender of Nazi Germany on 8 May , plans were underway for the largest operation of the Pacific War, Operation Downfall , the Allied invasion of Japan. Set to begin in October , Olympic involved a series of landings by the U. The target date was chosen to allow for Olympic to complete its objectives, for troops to be redeployed from Europe, and the Japanese winter to pass.

Most were immobile formations for coastal defense, but 16 were high quality mobile divisions. Casualty predictions varied widely, but were extremely high. On 15 June , a study by the Joint War Plans Committee, [17] who provided planning information to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , estimated that Olympic would result in , to , U. Delivered on 15 June , after insight gained from the Battle of Okinawa, the study noted Japan’s inadequate defenses due to the very effective sea blockade and the American firebombing campaign.

The Americans were alarmed by the Japanese buildup, which was accurately tracked through Ultra intelligence. Stimson was sufficiently concerned about high American estimates of probable casualties to commission his own study by Quincy Wright and William Shockley. DeBakey and Gilbert Beebe. Wright and Shockley estimated the invading Allies would suffer between 1.

Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon that was “readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives”: [22] poison gas. Quantities of phosgene , mustard gas , tear gas and cyanogen chloride were moved to Luzon from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic, and MacArthur ensured that Chemical Warfare Service units were trained in their use. While the United States had developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War, the capture of Allied bases in the western Pacific in the first weeks of the conflict meant that this offensive did not begin until mid when the long-ranged Boeing B Superfortress became ready for use in combat.

Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell determined that Guam , Tinian , and Saipan in the Mariana Islands would better serve as B bases, but they were in Japanese hands. Air bases were developed, [29] and B operations commenced from the Marianas in October Hansell continued the practice of conducting so-called high-altitude precision bombing , aimed at key industries and transportation networks, even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results.

Hansell’s successor, Major General Curtis LeMay , assumed command in January and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics, with equally unsatisfactory results. The attacks initially targeted key industrial facilities but much of the Japanese manufacturing process was carried out in small workshops and private homes.

It was the deadliest bombing raid of the war, at a cost of 20 Bs shot down by flak and fighters. By mid-June, Japan’s six largest cities had been devastated. Aircraft flying from Allied aircraft carriers and the Ryukyu Islands also regularly struck targets in Japan during in preparation for Operation Downfall. According to Yuki Tanaka , the U.

The Japanese military was unable to stop the Allied attacks and the country’s civil defense preparations proved inadequate. Japanese fighters and anti-aircraft guns had difficulty engaging bombers flying at high altitude. About 72,, litres , US bbl had been consumed in the home islands area in April, May and June The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in , and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch , made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility.

This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late Groves, Jr. Army Corps of Engineers. Robert Oppenheimer to organize and head the project’s Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico , where bomb design work was carried out.

Little Boy was a gun-type fission weapon that used uranium , a rare isotope of uranium separated at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. There was a Japanese nuclear weapon program , but it lacked the human, mineral and financial resources of the Manhattan Project, and never made much progress towards developing an atomic bomb. Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft, the group was designated as a “composite” rather than a “bombardment” unit.

The officer responsible for its allocation in the War Department ‘s Operations Division was not cleared to know any details of it. The th Composite Group had an authorized strength of officers and 1, enlisted men, almost all of whom eventually deployed to Tinian. In addition to its authorized strength, the th had attached to it on Tinian 51 civilian and military personnel from Project Alberta , [70] known as the 1st Technical Detachment.

These aircraft were specially adapted to carry nuclear weapons, and were equipped with fuel-injected engines, Curtiss Electric reversible-pitch propellers , pneumatic actuators for rapid opening and closing of bomb bay doors and other improvements. The ground support echelon of the th Composite Group moved by rail on 26 April , to its port of embarkation at Seattle , Washington.

The Cape Victory made brief port calls at Honolulu and Eniwetok but the passengers were not permitted to leave the dock area. An advance party of the air echelon, consisting of 29 officers and 61 enlisted men, flew by C to North Field on Tinian, between 15 and 22 May. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee, [74] who were on hand to decide higher policy matters on the spot. Along with Captain William S. In April , Marshall asked Groves to nominate specific targets for bombing for final approval by himself and Stimson.

Derry, Colonel William P. Fisher, Joyce C. Stearns and David M. Wilson and William Penney from the Manhattan Project. The Target Committee nominated five targets: Kokura now Kitakyushu , the site of one of Japan’s largest munitions plants; Hiroshima , an embarkation port and industrial center that was the site of a major military headquarters; Yokohama , an urban center for aircraft manufacture, machine tools, docks, electrical equipment and oil refineries; Niigata , a port with industrial facilities including steel and aluminum plants and an oil refinery; and Kyoto , a major industrial center.

The target selection was subject to the following criteria:. These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids, and the Army Air Forces agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the damage caused by the atomic bombs could be made. Hiroshima was described as “an important army depot and port of embarkation in the middle of an urban industrial area.

It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged. There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage. Due to rivers it is not a good incendiary target. The Target Committee stated that “It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance. Two aspects of this are 1 obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and 2 making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released.

Kyoto has the advantage of the people being more highly intelligent and hence better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon. Hiroshima has the advantage of being such a size and with possible focussing from nearby mountains that a large fraction of the city may be destroyed. The Emperor’s palace in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value. Edwin O. Reischauer , a Japan expert for the U. Army Intelligence Service , was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto.

Stimson, the Secretary of War at the time, who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier.

On 30 May, Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical, religious and cultural significance, but Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance. Truman about the matter. Truman agreed with Stimson, and Kyoto was temporarily removed from the target list. It was a major military port, one of Japan’s largest shipbuilding and repair centers, and an important producer of naval ordnance. In early May , the Interim Committee was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy.

It was evident that everyone would suspect trickery. If a bomb were exploded in Japan with previous notice, the Japanese air power was still adequate to give serious interference.

An atomic bomb was an intricate device, still in the developmental stage. Its operation would be far from routine. If during the final adjustments of the bomb the Japanese defenders should attack, a faulty move might easily result in some kind of failure.

Such an end to an advertised demonstration of power would be much worse than if the attempt had not been made. It was now evident that when the time came for the bombs to be used we should have only one of them available, followed afterwards by others at all-too-long intervals.

We could not afford the chance that one of them might be a dud. If the test were made on some neutral territory, it was hard to believe that Japan’s determined and fanatical military men would be impressed.

If such an open test were made first and failed to bring surrender, the chance would be gone to give the shock of surprise that proved so effective. On the contrary, it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could. Though the possibility of a demonstration that would not destroy human lives was attractive, no one could suggest a way in which it could be made so convincing that it would be likely to stop the war.

The possibility of a demonstration was raised again in the Franck Report issued by physicist James Franck on 11 June and the Scientific Advisory Panel rejected his report on 16 June, saying that “we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use.

Like Compton, many U. Allied prisoners of war might be moved to the demonstration site and be killed by the bomb. They also worried that the bomb might be a failure, as the Trinity test was that of a stationary device, not an air-dropped bomb. In addition, although more bombs were in production, only two would be available at the start of August, and they cost billions of dollars, so using one for a demonstration would be expensive.

For several months, the U. Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings; some were as much as 97 percent destroyed. LeMay thought that leaflets would increase the psychological impact of bombing, and reduce the international stigma of area-bombing cities. Even with the warnings, Japanese opposition to the war remained ineffective. In general, the Japanese regarded the leaflet messages as truthful, with many Japanese choosing to leave major cities.

The leaflets caused such concern that the government ordered the arrest of anyone caught in possession of a leaflet. In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, the Oppenheimer-led Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee decided against a demonstration bomb and against a special leaflet warning.

Those decisions were implemented because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation and also because of the wish to maximize shock in the leadership. McNelly wrote that it was 30 July. Hiroshima may have been leafleted in late July or early August, as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped. With the text of this leaflet reading in Japanese ” In , the United States and the United Kingdom signed the Quebec Agreement , which stipulated that nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent.

Stimson therefore had to obtain British permission. A meeting of the Combined Policy Committee , which included one Canadian representative, was held at the Pentagon on 4 July The meeting also considered what Truman could reveal to Joseph Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union , at the upcoming Potsdam Conference , as this also required British concurrence. Handy , the acting chief of staff, since Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with Truman. This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th.

I have told the Sec. Stimson, to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children. Even if the Japs are savages, ruthless, merciless and fanatic, we as the leader of the world for the common welfare cannot drop that terrible bomb on the old capital [Kyoto] or the new [Tokyo]. He and I are in accord. The target will be a purely military one. The declaration was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan, resulting in “the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland”.

On 28 July, Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government. Emperor Hirohito, who was waiting for a Soviet reply to non-committal Japanese peace feelers, made no move to change the government position.

At Potsdam, Truman agreed to a request from Winston Churchill that Britain be represented when the atomic bomb was dropped. All they could do was send a strongly worded signal to Wilson. The Little Boy bomb, except for the uranium payload, was ready at the beginning of May The projectile was completed on 15 June, and the target insert on 24 July.

The first plutonium core , along with its polonium – beryllium urchin initiator , was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier Raemer Schreiber in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison.

Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a neutron reflector. At the time of its bombing, Hiroshima was a city of industrial and military significance. A number of military units were located nearby, the most important of which was the headquarters of Field Marshal Shunroku Hata ‘s Second General Army , which commanded the defense of all of southern Japan, [] and was located in Hiroshima Castle.

Hata’s command consisted of some , men, most of whom were on Kyushu where an Allied invasion was correctly anticipated. In total, an estimated 40, Japanese military personnel were stationed in the city.

Hiroshima was a supply and logistics base for the Japanese military. Outside the center, the area was congested by a dense collection of small timber workshops set among Japanese houses. A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city. The houses were constructed of timber with tile roofs, and many of the industrial buildings were also built around timber frames. The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage. The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over , earlier in the war but prior to the atomic bombing, the population had steadily decreased because of a systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government.

At the time of the attack, the population was approximately ,—, Hiroshima was the primary target of the first atomic bombing mission on 6 August, with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets. Necessary Evil was the photography aircraft. After leaving Tinian, the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at at 2, meters 9, ft , [] and set course for Japan.

The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 9, meters 31, ft. He had witnessed four Bs crash and burn at takeoff, and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B crashed with an armed Little Boy on board. Jeppson , removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area.

During the night of 5—6 August, Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan.

Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga, bound for Maebashi , en route to Nishinomiya , headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari. An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them Hiroshima. The all-clear was sounded in Hiroshima at It broadcast a short message which was picked up by Enola Gay.

Advice: bomb primary. At , Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier, Major Thomas Ferebee. Due to crosswind , the bomb missed the aiming point , the Aioi Bridge , by approximately m ft and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic.

Enola Gay stayed over the target area for two minutes and was 16 kilometres 10 mi away when the bomb detonated. Only Tibbets, Parsons, and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given black goggles.

He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to “a close burst of ack-ack fire”. Japanese officials determined that 69 percent of Hiroshima’s buildings were destroyed and another 6 to 7 percent damaged. Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructed because of the earthquake danger in Japan, and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center.

Since the bomb detonated in the air, the blast was directed more downward than sideways, which was largely responsible for the survival of the Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall , now commonly known as the Genbaku A-bomb dome, which was only m ft from ground zero the hypocenter.

The ruin was named Hiroshima Peace Memorial and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in over the objections of the United States and China, which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property, and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective.

The Hiroshima Genbaku Dome after the bombing. The air raid warning had been cleared at , and many people were outside, going about their activities. She was in the solidly-built Bank of Hiroshima only meters ft from ground-zero at the time of the attack. Over 90 percent of the doctors and 93 percent of the nurses in Hiroshima were killed or injured—most had been in the downtown area which received the greatest damage.

Most elements of the Japanese Second General Army headquarters were undergoing physical training on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle , barely metres yd from the hypocenter. The attack killed 3, troops on the parade ground. Yoshie Oka, a Hijiyama Girls High School student who had been mobilized to serve as a communications officer, had just sent a message that the alarm had been issued for Hiroshima and neighboring Yamaguchi , when the bomb exploded.

She used a special phone to inform Fukuyama Headquarters some kilometers 62 mi away that “Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb. The city is in a state of near-total destruction. Since Mayor Senkichi Awaya had been killed while eating breakfast with his son and granddaughter at the mayoral residence, Field Marshal Shunroku Hata , who was only slightly wounded, took over the administration of the city, and coordinated relief efforts.

Many of his staff had been killed or fatally wounded, including a Korean Prince as a member of the imperial family of Korea, Yi U , who was serving as a lieutenant colonel in the Japanese Army. Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters, about metres 1, ft from the hypocenter of the blast. The Tokyo control operator of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air.

He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line, but it too had failed. From some small railway stops within 16 km 10 mi of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima.

Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima. The complete silence from that city puzzled the General Staff; they knew that no large enemy raid had occurred and that no sizable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time.

A young officer was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima, to land, survey the damage, and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff. It was felt that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor. The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest. After flying for about three hours, while still nearly km mi from Hiroshima, he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the firestorm created by the bomb.

After circling the city to survey the damage they landed south of the city, where the staff officer, after reporting to Tokyo, began to organize relief measures.

Tokyo’s first indication that the city had been destroyed by a new type of bomb came from President Truman’s announcement of the strike, sixteen hours later. After the Hiroshima bombing, Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon. He stated, “We may be grateful to Providence” that the German atomic bomb project had failed, and that the United States and its allies had “spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history—and won”.

Truman then warned Japan: “If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware.

The 50,watt standard wave station on Saipan , the OWI radio station , broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima, stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities.

Radio Japan , which continued to extoll victory for Japan by never surrendering, [90] had informed the Japanese of the destruction of Hiroshima by a single bomb. The senior leadership of the Japanese Army began preparations to impose martial law on the nation, with the support of Minister of War Korechika Anami , to stop anyone attempting to make peace.

On 7 August, a day after Hiroshima was destroyed, Dr. Yoshio Nishina and other atomic physicists arrived at the city, and carefully examined the damage. They then went back to Tokyo and told the cabinet that Hiroshima was indeed destroyed by a nuclear weapon. Admiral Soemu Toyoda , the Chief of the Naval General Staff, estimated that no more than one or two additional bombs could be readied, so they decided to endure the remaining attacks, acknowledging “there would be more destruction but the war would go on”.

Parsons said that Project Alberta would have it ready by 11 August, but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm, and asked if the bomb could be readied by 9 August. Parsons agreed to try to do so. The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest seaports in southern Japan, and was of great wartime importance because of its wide-ranging industrial activity, including the production of ordnance , ships, military equipment, and other war materials.

The four largest companies in the city were Mitsubishi Shipyards, Electrical Shipyards, Arms Plant, and Steel and Arms Works, which employed about 90 percent of the city’s labor force, and accounted for 90 percent of the city’s industry. Unlike the other target cities, Nagasaki had not been placed off limits to bombers by the Joint Chiefs of Staff’s 3 July directive, [] [] and was bombed on a small scale five times.

During one of these raids on 1 August, a number of conventional high-explosive bombs were dropped on the city. A few hit the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city, and several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works. In contrast to Hiroshima, almost all of the buildings were of old-fashioned Japanese construction, consisting of timber or timber-framed buildings with timber walls with or without plaster and tile roofs.

Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions. Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley. On the day of the bombing, an estimated , people were in Nagasaki, including , Japanese residents, 10, Korean residents, 2, conscripted Korean workers, 9, Japanese soldiers, conscripted Chinese workers, and Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki.

Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets. Scheduled for 11 August against Kokura, the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five-day period of bad weather forecast to begin on 10 August. On 8 August, a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using Bockscar as the drop airplane.

Assembly F was expended testing the components and F was designated for the 9 August mission. The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission, with two Bs flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional Bs in Sweeney’s flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission. Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged. During pre-flight inspection of Bockscar , the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 2, litres US gal of fuel carried in a reserve tank.

This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back, consuming still more fuel. Replacing the pump would take hours; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well, as the bomb was live. Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have Bockscar continue the mission.

This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission, flying as observers on the third plane, Big Stink , flown by the group’s operations officer, Major James I. Hopkins, Jr. Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear.

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A weekly roundup of our favorite tech deals. A daily dose of the news you need. Just enter your email and we’ll take care of the rest:. Please enter a valid email address. Please select a newsletter. Sign up. Firaxis delays Marvel’s Midnight Suns, maybe until Khalid , People spent much less time watching gaming streams this spring, report says By K.

Holt , Bonifacic , People spent much less time watching gaming streams this spring, report says Facebook Gaming saw a far bigger decline than Twitch and YouTube Gaming, according to Streamlabs and Stream Hatchet. We have two newsletters, why not sign up for both? Just enter your email and we’ll take care of the rest: Please enter a valid email address Please select a newsletter Subscribe.

Firaxis delays Marvel’s Midnight Suns, maybe until The game was previously scheduled to launch this October. Fingas , Dent , Steam is finally adding support for Nintendo Joy-Con controllers You can use the gamepads individually or as a matched pair. Microsoft helps game devs pull more performance from the Xbox Series S More access to memory could overcome limitations for some games. Blizzard may have canceled a ‘World of Warcraft’ mobile spinoff updated The project had been in the works for three years.

By Engadget , Buckley , The best PlayStation 5 games for Load up your new console with these excellent titles. Sponsored Links.

 
 

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